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Abstract

The genesis of Ignatius Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises (SPEX) is closely linked to his conversion and early journey as a pilgrim, especially in Montserrat and Manresa. In Manresa, he lived a life of prayer, penance, and service, frequenting liturgies and assisting the sick. His profound spiritual illumination at the River Cardoner deepened his understanding of divine realities and became foundational for the SPEX. Initially composed between 1522 and 1523, the text underwent continuous revision until 1546 and received papal approval in 1548, confirming its importance for the mission of the Society of Jesus, approved earlier in 1540. Lacking formal training in Latin during this period, Ignatius relied on influential devotional works such as Ludolph of Saxony’s Vita Christi, Jacobus de Voragine’s Legenda Aurea, and Thomas à Kempis’ Imitatio Christi. These works mediated Gospel narratives and patristic insights, shaping his Christ-centered spirituality. The SPEX reflects late medieval religiosity, particularly its focus on Christ’s Passion and the question of salvation. Although Ignatius and his work were at times suspected of heterodox influences, including Lutheran, Erasmian, and illuminist tendencies, he was eventually cleared of all charges. Drawing from popular religious traditions yet remaining faithful to Catholic doctrine, Ignatius forged a distinctive path of spiritual renewal grounded in faith, good works, and the sacramental life.

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