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Abstract

This study examines the enduring misrepresentation of the nineteenth-century Philippine Church, a phenomenon often reflected in popular knowledge and formal education. Sparked by Carlos Celdran’s 2010 protest and broader academic observations by J. Schumacher, S.J., this paper validates claims of historical bias at the basic education level. Focusing on Ateneo de Manila High School during the 1980s and 1990s, the research analyzes how Social Studies and Filipino classes discussed Church history. Relying on teacher interviews and textbooks, it argues that classroom discourse largely—yet understandably—reduced the historical Church to the negative friar caricatures found in José Rizal’s novels.

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